Legally, a divorce is a divorce, regardless of the financial stakes involved. In practice, however, high-net-worth divorces are often far more complex than standard divorces. Divorce laws vary significantly from state to state, so while we’ll cover some general considerations, the specific rules may vary widely depending on your location. This is why it’s essential to consult an attorney to understand the divorce process in your particular jurisdiction. Here’s what you need to know about navigating the division of a multimillion-dollar household.
For help managing your finances during and after a divorce, consider working with a financial advisor.
What Is a High-Net-Worth Divorce?
There is no formal definition of a high-net-worth divorce. Historically, this has been defined as a split involving at least $1 million worth of assets, the same standard applied to an investor. The definition has expanded in recent years, though, since a million dollars isn’t what it used to be. (As the median sale price for a house approaches $500,000, and many retirement accounts hold six-figure sums, even a middle-income household may have at least $1 million in assets to resolve.)
Today it’s more accurate to describe a high-net-worth divorce as one involving several million dollars’ worth of assets.
Why High-Net-Worth Divorces Get Complicated
Regardless of wealth, the fundamental rules of divorce generally apply to all. The typical process includes these key steps:
- Identify and Value Assets: Take stock of all assets owned by each spouse individually and jointly.
- Classify Assets: Determine the status of each asset, categorizing them as marital, separate (premarital) or otherwise.
- Assess Third-Party Obligations: Identify any obligations to third parties, such as child support or overlapping claims on marital assets.
- Divide Marital Assets: Equitably distribute assets to which both spouses have a valid claim.
This is a simplified overview and does not address non-financial matters, such as child custody, but outlines the essential steps in a divorce process.
For many people, this makes divorce at least theoretically simple. When you’re only trying to split up a couple of bank accounts, a retirement plan and a house, it’s fairly straightforward to add up the numbers and divide them in half. In those cases much, if not most, of the complexity tends to be emotional. By definition divorce tends to involve parties with strong feelings, and often one or both will try to use the process to punish their soon-to-be-minted ex.
However, high-net-worth divorce gets particularly complicated. This can happen for many reasons, but the most common issues to watch out for are:
Breadth of Law
Because wealthy couples usually have more categories of assets, their divorces tend to involve more categories of rules. Splitting up a bank account, retirement account and single family home might involve just one or two sections of the divorce code. Splitting up trusts, foreign holdings and numerous plots of land will involve just about every section of the law, and this is before even considering the enormous complexity around third-party entities such as businesses and charitable organizations.
Introducing more sections of the law makes a proceeding more complicated on its face.
Application of Law
Because wealthy couples will often have more complicated finances, it’s more complicated to apply the law. Assets may be harder to define, sometimes because they were made hard to define for tax purposes, or harder to value. (For example, couples may have assets like art and collectibles that can only be reliably valued at point of sale.) At other points in the process, because more sections of the divorce code apply, there are more opportunities for emergent complexity as different rules interact in weird or contradictory ways.
The process gets complicated simply because with so many different issues to resolve, almost inevitably some will prove difficult.
Jurisdictional Questions
High-net-worth households tend to have assets split across numerous jurisdictions. A wealthy couple will often own money, land and investments located in different states or even different countries. This creates problems because, again, divorce is highly jurisdiction specific. Each new state and country potentially introduces an entire new divorce code to the proceeding, multiplying the complexity.
Third Parties
Wealthy families often share joint and generational financial interests. This is especially true when long-lived trusts or other sources of family wealth are involved. It’s not uncommon for siblings, children and other relatives to have a direct financial stake in the outcome of someone’s divorce. Even worse, sometimes they have a direct legal claim to the disputed assets. This can magnify the complexity of the matter by introducing new parties and new questions of ownership.
Acrimony
Finally, because high-net-worth couples have more assets to divide, the process takes longer and involves more decisions. Every day that a divorce continues, and every time the parties interact, it creates the opportunity for questions and conflict to arise.
How to Manage a High-Net-Worth Divorce
Remember, it’s impossible for one article to advise you on how to handle a divorce, especially one concerning millions of dollars. However, there is some general guidance that’s applicable to high-net-worth divorces:
Seek Counsel Immediately
Speak with a lawyer as soon as you start thinking about getting a divorce. This is a complicated issue, and even the most amicable split will raise difficult questions of law and taxes. Find a lawyer with expertise in divorce and financial matters, and ideally one who has access to good accountants. You need to understand exactly what you have and how the law applies. Doing this on your own might save money today, but it sets you up for many more problems in the long run.
Get a Good Lawyer, Not a Combative One
There’s a difference between a good lawyer and an aggressive one. Many lawyers like to advertise themselves as fighters, pit bulls or whatever other metaphor you’d like. And sometimes you do need someone who is looking for a fight. Your divorce is not one of those times. Find someone who is thoughtful, thorough and calm. It will save you trouble (and money) in the long run.
Do Not Forget About Debt
If you’re getting a divorce, no matter how much money you have, make sure to think about your household’s debt. Liabilities (the fancy term for debt) are assigned to married couples just like assets are. If your spouse brought their debt into the marriage (for example, say they had student loans), remember that you don’t owe that money. If you took on the loans while married (like credit card debt) remember that they do owe some of that. Divide up debt just like you do assets, and make sure you only take your fair share.
Plan for the Future
When you split up, you aren’t just dividing up assets as they are today. You’re making plans for the future of yourself, your family and your finances. This means a lot of different things. It involves making sure that you properly anticipate the tax consequences of how you split up your assets. As well as looking at the potential long-term value of your assets, not just their current valuation. And it definitely involves making plans for any children that you have, or any future risks that you personally would like to take. The best way to do this is by retaining a good financial advisor. You want someone who can help you think about the long term, not just the next few months.
Don’t Get Back at Your Ex
If there’s any single mistake that people make in the law, it’s this. A lawsuit (any kind of lawsuit) is the wrong way to resolve a personal matter. Many people start a legal matter eager to get even with someone who has wronged them. They always end up stuck in a long, grinding affair all but deliberately designed to deny emotional closure. You may be tempted to use your divorce to stick it to your ex. Don’t. It will only cost you more time, more trouble and much, much more money than it’s worth, no matter how much they deserve it.
Bottom Line
A high-net-worth divorce generally involves several million dollars’ worth of assets. These proceedings can get complicated quickly, so make sure you get the right counsel.
Divorce Financial Tips
- Divorce, from a lawyer’s point of view, is an entirely financial and legal matter. Whatever you choose to do with your personal life is your decision, just make sure you make the right plans for your finances once that tax status changes.
- Regardless of your marriage status, a financial advisor can be a tremendous help. Finding a qualified financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three financial advisors who serve your area, and you can interview your advisor matches at no cost to decide which one is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
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