What Is a Conduit IRA?

A freelance worker researching the requirements for setting up a conduit IRA to rollover a qualified retirement plan from a previous job.

A conduit IRA is a strategic financial instrument that provides a bridge for individuals transitioning between jobs, freelance work, or other employment changes. This specialized investment account allows for the transfer of funds from qualified retirement plans, such as 401(k)s and 403(b)s, safeguarding individuals from potential tax repercussions associated with delayed reinvestment. By offering a unique blend of flexibility and tax advantages, a conduit IRA empowers individuals to navigate career transitions without the stress of immediate financial decisions. Here’s how it works.

A financial advisor can help you create a retirement plan for your needs and goals.

What Is a Conduit IRA?

A conduit IRA is an investment account that can hold funds of a qualified retirement plan from a prior job. Rolling funds into a conduit IRA allows you to avoid unwanted tax consequences of failing to put funds into another qualified plan within 60 days. Because you can hold these funds in a conduit IRA for an unlimited amount of time, you can take your time finding another job with a qualified retirement plan without worrying about tax regulations cutting into your retirement savings.

For example, if you work for ABC company for five years and accumulate $10,000 in your 401(k), you could roll your 401(k) into a conduit IRA if you plan to leave that job and freelance for a while. Then, after a couple years, you transitions from freelance to a full-time job with XYZ company. XYZ company offers a 401(k) plan, so you could roll the $10,000 from your conduit IRA into the new plan.

The funds in a conduit IRA must remain unmixed with other funds and investments to keep the account’s conduit status. Although regulations around conduit IRAS have relaxed in recent years, it’s best to contribute to a separate retirement account while holding a conduit IRA to ensure it functions as a holding vehicle for funds from your 401(k), 403(b), etc. So, in the example above, you could open a separate, traditional IRA as a freelancer and contribute to that account while leaving your conduit IRA alone.

Pros of a Conduit IRA

Conduit IRAs can offer five common advantages:

They never expire and don’t have a required holding time. So, you can keep it for two weeks or 10 years without a penalty.
You’ll avoid the 60-day rollover penalty that applies to qualified retirement accounts. Remember, if you don’t transfer the funds to another qualified retirement account within 60 days of leaving your job, you’ll pay income taxes and a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you’re under age 59.5. Rolling over into a conduit IRA within 60 days shields you from these consequences.
Freedom from time constraints means you don’t have to rush to find another job with a qualified retirement plan. Instead, you can choose a job that fits your needs and preferences in other areas.
A conduit IRA helps your retirement funds eventually land in a qualified retirement plan. Qualified plans offer different advantages than IRAs, such as matching contributions.
Conduit IRAs act like other IRA types for investment purposes. As a result, you can invest in stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more with a conduit IRA.

Cons of a Conduit IRA

Conduit IRAs also bring several drawbacks:

Conduit IRAs can’t mix funds from any other source than your previous retirement plan. Otherwise, they lose their conduit status, and you might be unable to roll over the funds penalty-free into your next job’s retirement plan.
If your conduit IRA is your only retirement account, you don’t have an account to continue building your retirement fund. You must open another retirement account to do so and pay administrative fees for both accounts.
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 has rendered conduit IRAs unnecessary in some situations. However, not using one could result in financial penalties because the application of these laws isn’t always straightforward. As a result, the conduit IRA is safe but sometimes superfluous.

How to Open a Conduit IRA

Opening a conduit IRA is a multistep process similar to creating other types of retirement accounts. Here’s what to do:

Ensure you qualify: To open a conduit IRA, you must have proof of earned income.
Pick a manager: Various financial institutions, including banks, investment companies, and brokerages, offer conduit IRAs. Shop around to see what manager fits your preferences.
Fund the account: After opening the account with your new manager, work with your old plan administrator to roll over the funds. Remember, the rollover must be within 60 days to avoid penalties.
Choose beneficiaries: Like other retirement accounts, conduit IRAs let you choose a beneficiary to inherit the account if you pass away. So, elect your beneficiary when you open the account to ensure the funds go to the intended person.
Select assets: Your new plan administrator will provide options for how to invest through your conduit IRA. Pick your asset mix according to your investment goals. For instance, if you are going to retire in a few years, it’s advisable to choose an asset allocation that fits a short investment horizon, prioritizing bonds and other low-risk assets.

Key Considerations for Conduit IRAs

Here are nine common things to remember when considering a conduit IRA:

Conduit IRAs accept both direct and indirect contributions from various retirement accounts. A direct rollover means your plan administrator conducts the transfer. On the other hand, an indirect rollover means you receive the funds and send them to the new account. Indirect rollovers require more diligence and care on your part.
Funds can be transferred from a range of accounts, including 401(k)s, 403(b)s, traditional IRAs, defined benefit plans, profit-sharing plans, and other employer-sponsored retirement accounts.
Rolling over into a conduit IRA is usually tax-free if executed correctly, making it an attractive option for moving retirement funds.
Diversifying funds within the conduit IRA is crucial to managing risk. Likewise, regularly reviewing and reallocating investments will help optimize your portfolio for the best return.
Required minimum distribution (RMD) rules apply to conduit IRAs—specifically, individuals must start taking distributions from retirement accounts at age 73.
Early withdrawal penalties also apply, meaning taking a distribution from a conduit IRA before age 59.5 results in a 10% penalty. Exceptions to this rule exist in the form of qualified withdrawals, such as paying for higher education expenses, a first-time home purchase, and medical costs.
You can convert a conduit IRA to a Roth IRA. Remember, doing so incurs income taxes because conventional IRAs defer income taxes until distributions are taken.
The IRS allows you to roll over to and from the same IRA once every twelve-month period. Therefore, if you’re transferring funds between retirement accounts, it’s best to do so in one shot.
Working for a new employer doesn’t mean you must enroll in their retirement plan. It’s crucial to compare the pros and cons of your conduit IRA with an employer’s plan. For example, if the 401(k) has higher administrative fees and doesn’t provide matching funds, keeping your conduit IRA may be more advantageous.

Bottom Line

A woman researching the advantages and drawbacks of opening a conduit IRA.

A conduit IRA can serve as a valuable financial tool for individuals transitioning between jobs or engaging in freelance work. It offers flexibility and tax advantages for individuals to make career moves without immediate financial pressures. However, managing a conduit IRA requires careful adherence to regulations to maintain its conduit status and avoid penalties.

Tips for Retirement Planning

Whether your changing jobs or looking for ways to boost your nest egg, a financial advisor can work with you to create a retirement plan for your specific needs. Finding a financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
If you want to see how you’re progressing toward your retirement goals, run your own numbers through SmartAsset’s retirement calculator.