529 Plans: Custodial vs. Individual Accounts

When planning for a child’s future education expenses, 529 plans are a popular and tax-advantaged investment option. These plans come in two main forms: custodial 529 accounts and individual 529 accounts, each offering distinct benefits and considerations. Understanding the differences between these account types is essential for families looking to maximize savings, maintain control, and meet eligibility requirements for financial aid.

A financial advisor can help you create an education financial plan for the future.

Understanding 529 Plans

A 529 plan, also referred to as a qualified tuition plan in the Internal Revenue Code, is a tax-advantaged education savings vehicle. There are two types of 529 plans: college savings accounts and prepaid tuition accounts.

With a 529 college savings account, you contribute money for future education costs. That money grows tax-deferred and can be withdrawn tax-free when used to pay for qualified education expenses. That includes things like tuition, fees and room and board. Prepaid tuition plans, on the other hand, allow you to set aside money for college at locked-in tuition rates.

Every state, except for Wyoming, offers at least one 529 plan. You don’t have to be a resident of a particular state to contribute to that state’s plan. Each state plan can establish its own annual and lifetime contribution limits. Money held in a 529 plan can be invested in mutual funds, index funds and other securities.

529 Plan Custodial vs. Individual Ownership

A 529 plan can be established as a custodial account or an individual account. The way the plan is set up determines who has control over the money in the account. All 529 plans have an account owner and a beneficiary. Let’s take a look at the difference between both types of 529 plans.

Custodial Accounts

In a custodial 529 plan arrangement, the student is both the owner and the beneficiary. But when the student is a minor, an adult custodian must manage the account on their behalf. This custodian can be a parent, grandparent or legal guardian.

The custodian’s job is to manage the funds in the 529 plan on behalf of the beneficiary until they reach adulthood. In most states, that means age 18, though in some states the age threshold may be higher. The custodian can’t change the beneficiary or account owner. Once the account owner/beneficiary becomes an adult, they assume control over the 529 plan.

Individual Accounts

With an individual 529 plan, the owner is usually a parent or other adult who saves money on behalf of a chosen beneficiary, typically their child. The account owner makes contributions, makes investment decisions and also has the power to change the beneficiary as they see fit.

Once the beneficiary enrolls in college, the account owner can then withdraw money to pay for qualified education expenses. If there’s money left in a 529 plan after the beneficiary completes their education, the account owner can roll it over to a new beneficiary. Or they could choose to withdraw any remaining amounts. Keep in mind, however, that doing so has tax implications.

Your Control in Custodial vs. Individual 529 Plan Accounts

Whether it makes sense to open a custodial 529 or an individual 529 can depend on how much control you’d like to have over the account. Opening an individual 529 could be the better option if you:

Want to retain control over investment decision-making
Are unsure if your beneficiary will go to college
Would like to have the flexibility of changing beneficiaries or withdrawing money

As the account owner, you’d have the final say in what happens with 529 plan funds. If your child decides not to go to college, for example, you could change the beneficiary to yourself, your spouse or one of your grandchildren later on.

On the other hand, you might opt for a custodial 529 if you:

Are comfortable handing control of the account to the beneficiary once they reach adulthood
Do not foresee any situation in which the beneficiary might need to be changed
Want to minimize financial aid impacts if the beneficiary plans to apply for aid

Also, keep in mind that you may be required to set up a custodial IRA in certain situations. If you’re planning to fund college savings using money from a custodial account that was established under UTMA or UGMA rules, for example, then you could only open a custodial 529 account.

529 Plan Custodial vs. Individual Financial Aid Impacts

Students planning to take out federal student loans must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The FAFSA considers the financial situation of both parents and students, including income and assets, to determine how much aid the student might qualify for.

Money held in a 529 plan, and the plan’s ownership status, come into play when determining aid eligibility. If the account owner is the student and that student is dependent, or the account owner is the parent of a dependent student, 529 plan funds are treated as a parent’s asset on the FAFSA. Any distributions from the plan aren’t considered for aid eligibility.

If the account owner is an independent student, 529 plan funds are treated as the student’s assets. But distributions still won’t count against the student for aid eligibility. When the account owner is anyone other than a student or parent, 529 assets are not reported on the FAFSA. However, any qualified distributions from the plan are treated as untaxed income for the student.

What this means, essentially, is that whether you have a 529 custodial plan or an individual 529, the impact on aid eligibility is usually limited unless someone other than a parent or student is the account owner.

How to Open a 529 Account

If you’d like to open a 529 account, custodial or individual, the first step is researching account options. Again, you can look at plans offered in each state to compare investment choices and fees in order to find the right plan for your needs.

You can open a 529 account directly with the plan or through a brokerage if you already have a brokerage account set up. The process for opening a 529 account is similar to opening any other investment account. You’ll need to provide some personal and financial information and verify your identity.

At the time you open the account, you should be able to specify whether you want to open a 529 plan with custodial or individual ownership. If you’re opening a custodial account, you’d need to provide information about the student who will be the owner and beneficiary. If you’re opening an individual account, you can name yourself as the owner and your student as the beneficiary.

Once the account is open you can start making contributions. These can be scheduled individually or you may be able to set up recurring contributions from a linked bank account. Remember that while the plan may have no annual contribution limits, you’ll need to stay within the annual gift tax exclusion limits.

For 2025, the gift tax exclusion limit is $19,000 ($18,000 in 2024), though the exclusion doubles to $38,000 for married couples. So if you have multiple kids and are married, you could contribute up to $38,000 to a 529 plan for each child. If you want to contribute more than that, you’re allowed to “superfund” the 529 plan.

Bottom Line

Choosing a custodial or individual 529 plan comes down to how much control you’d like to have over the account. The most important thing to remember is that time is on your side. The sooner you begin saving in a 529, the more time your money has to grow through the power of compounding interest.

Education Financial Planning Tips

Consider talking to a financial advisor about whether it makes sense to open a custodial or individual 529 plan. Finding a financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
In addition to a 529 plan, you might also consider opening a Coverdell ESA for college savings. Coverdell accounts allow you to contribute up to $2,000 per year for education savings until the beneficiary reaches the age of 18. These plans also require the beneficiary to withdraw all money in the account by age 30 to avoid a tax penalty. Your advisor can help you weigh the pros and cons of using a Coverdell Education Savings Account.